Zhang Daoling, also known as Zhang Zhenren or Zhang Tianshi, is one of the founding figures of Daoism. Born around the 2nd century, he played a significant role in the Daoist school during the late Eastern Han period and is considered one of the primary contributors to the establishment of Daoism. Zhang Daoling's life is surrounded by a wealth of legends, and he is revered as a "Deity" by later generations.
I. Life of Zhang Daoling
According to Daoist classics such as "Complete Works of the Zhengyi Sect" and "Complete Works of the Tai Shang Sect," Zhang Daoling was born into a humble family in the region of Jingzhao (modern-day Xi'an, Shaanxi).
In his youth, he traveled extensively, seeking renowned mountains and rivers, and underwent spiritual practices. He even spent time in Chang'an. During one episode, he encountered the Lord Lao Zi (Tai Shang Lao Jun) in a mountain cave near the Pass. The Lord Lao Zi advised him, saying, "You can return to your hometown; this is not your place." Following the guidance of the Lord Lao Zi, Zhang Daoling returned to his hometown.
Legend has it that while cultivating in his hometown, Zhang Daoling could often ascend to the heavenly realms, earning him the reputation of a deity. People believed in him, and even the Emperor Han Lingdi heard of Zhang Daoling's deeds, expressing great admiration. However, Zhang Daoling declined the emperor's invitation and chose to live in seclusion amidst the mountains of his hometown, continuing his spiritual practices.
Zhang Daoling authored works such as the "Commentary on the Tao Te Ching" during his lifetime, making significant contributions to the development of Daoist philosophy. According to records, Zhang Daoling passed away in the year 174 AD at the age of 100.
II. Zhang Daoling's Philosophy
Zhang Daoling's philosophy represents a major direction in ancient Chinese Daoist thought.
His works, such as the "Dao Te Zhen Jing" and the "Tai Shang Gan Ying Pian," are considered Daoist classics, exerting a profound influence on the development and transmission of Daoism. Following Zhang Daoling, Daoism continued to grow and evolve, forming distinctive doctrines, organizational structures, and cultural aspects, becoming an integral part of traditional Chinese culture.
He believed that the "Dao" is the origin and supreme principle of the universe, existing in all phenomena in nature and human society. Zhang Daoling's thought was deeply influenced by the philosophy of the Book of Changes (Yijing), viewing the universe as composed of the constant transformation and continuous change of all things. He emphasized that human actions should align with the natural order, seeking the state of harmony between heaven and humanity.
In the history of Daoism, Zhang Daoling's philosophy had a lasting impact, and he became revered as the incarnation of the "Lord Lao Zi," serving as the founder and patriarch of Daoism.
