"Advancement, Retrenchment, Extraction, and Addition" in External Alchemy

"Advancement, Retrenchment, Extraction, and Addition" in External Alchemy

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In the process of alchemy, mastering the "fire control" is the most crucial aspect. Inspired by the lunar phenomena of "darkness (new moon), conjunction, crescent, and full moon", Taoism believes that the alchemical process is a process of Yin-Yang transformation and change. Therefore, in controlling the fire, attention must be paid to the advancement and retrenchment of Yin and Yang.


The so-called "advancement" refers to "advancing Yang fire", which includes igniting the fire and gradually increasing the intensity of the flame; the so-called "retrenchment" refers to "retreating Yin symbols", which includes reducing the fire intensity, maintaining a gentle fire for nurturing, and stopping the smelting; the so-called "extraction" means removing the old fire, while "addition" refers to adding new fire.


The reason why the control of alchemical fire emphasizes the procedures of "advancement, retrenchment, extraction, and addition" is that the universe inherently follows the law of Yin-Yang advancement and retrenchment. Taoism holds that the way of alchemy is consistent with the laws of the universe and thus should conform to the laws of Yin-Yang changes in the universe. The Zhong-Lü Chuan Dao Ji (The Transmission of Dao by Zhongli Quan and Lü Dongbin) states that the operation of heaven and earth, the changes of cold and heat, the waxing and waning of the sun and moon, all go round and round; alchemy, analogous to the sun and moon, involves the rise and fall of Yin and Yang, with both advancement and retrenchment. This applies not only to the smelting of external elixirs but also to the cultivation of internal elixirs.


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To indicate the process of "advancement, retrenchment, extraction, and addition" in golden elixir cultivation, Taoism introduced the image-number theory of The I Ching. As early as the late Han Dynasty, The Zhouyi Cantongqi (The Kinship of the Three, Based on the Book of Changes) matched the sixty-four hexagrams of the I Ching with lunar phases and numbers to represent the principles of advancing, retrenching, extracting, and adding in fire control, establishing the world's earliest "digitized" operation model. Later, Taoist alchemists made extensive developments in this regard, especially Zhongli Quan and Lü Dongbin in the late Tang and Five Dynasties, who focused on elaborating the rules of advancement, retrenchment, extraction, and addition from the perspective of internal alchemy. Contents such as "On Extraction and Addition" in The Zhong-Lü Chuan Dao Ji are of great significance to the theoretical development of internal elixir health preservation.

Jintuichoutian: The Art of Advance-Retreat in Daoist Alchemy

进退抽添 (Jìntuì Chōutiān)
"Advance-Retreat, Extract-Add" or "Progressive-Regressive Manipulation"

Definition and Translation

Advance and Retreat, Draw In and Supplement is a fundamental technique in Daoist external alchemy (外丹) that translates to "Advance-Retreat, Extract-Add" or "Progressive-Regressive Fire Control." This sophisticated method involves the precise manipulation of furnace temperature and timing to transform base materials into refined alchemical substances.

The Four Core Operations

Chinese English Operation Purpose
进 (Jìn) Advance Increase fire intensity Yang cultivation, active transformation
退 (Tuì) Retreat Decrease fire intensity Yin nurturing, passive refinement
抽 (Chōu) Extract/Draw out Remove impurities or excess Purification, separation
添 (Tiān) Add/Supplement Introduce new materials Enhancement, completion

Master Flowchart: The Jintuichoutian Process

PREPARATION PHASE
Material Selection
Furnace Setup
进 (JÌN)
ADVANCE
Increase Heat
退 (TUÌ)
RETREAT
Decrease Heat
抽 (CHŌU)
EXTRACT
Remove Impurities
添 (TIĀN)
ADD
Supplement Materials
EVALUATION PHASE
Test Transformation
Assess Progress
COMPLETION
Elixir Formation
Final Refinement
OR
REPEAT CYCLE
Continue Process
Further Refinement

Detailed Process Explanation

Phase 1: Advance (进)

The alchemist gradually increases furnace temperature, representing the yang principle of active transformation. This phase typically involves:

  • Controlled heating to activate dormant properties
  • Sublimation of volatile substances
  • Breaking down complex molecular structures
  • Duration: Often follows lunar or seasonal timing

Phase 2: Retreat (退)

Temperature reduction allows the yin principle of passive refinement to operate. This involves:

  • Slow cooling to allow crystallization
  • Stabilization of newly formed compounds
  • Condensation of sublimated materials
  • Meditation and observation period

Phase 3: Extract (抽)

Removal of impurities and unwanted byproducts through various methods:

  • Physical separation of different layers
  • Chemical precipitation of impurities
  • Distillation to isolate pure essence
  • Spiritual purification through ritual

Phase 4: Add (添)

Introduction of supplementary materials to complete the transformation:

  • Addition of catalytic substances
  • Incorporation of complementary minerals
  • Balancing yin-yang properties
  • Final constitutional adjustments

Philosophical Foundations

Jintuichoutian reflects core Daoist principles:

  • Yin-Yang Dynamics: The advance-retreat cycle mirrors the natural alternation of opposing forces
  • Wu Wei (無為): Working with natural processes rather than forcing outcomes
  • Timing (時機): Precise awareness of when to act and when to wait
  • Transformation (變化): Belief in the fundamental mutability of all substances

Historical Context and Applications

This technique was extensively documented in classical alchemical texts such as:

⚠️ Historical Caution

Many traditional alchemical practices involved toxic substances like mercury, lead, and arsenic. Historical accounts document numerous poisoning cases among practitioners seeking immortality. Modern understanding recognizes these as dangerous chemical experiments rather than viable paths to longevity.

Modern Relevance

While literal external alchemy is no longer practiced, the principles of jintuichoutian continue to influence:

  • Traditional Chinese Medicine: Treatment timing and dosage adjustment
  • Internal Alchemy (內丹): Meditation and energy cultivation practices
  • Industrial Chemistry: Process optimization and quality control
  • Philosophical Inquiry: Understanding change and transformation

Conclusion

Jintuichoutian represents one of humanity's earliest systematic approaches to controlled transformation, combining empirical observation with philosophical insight. Though its original goals proved unattainable, this ancient technique demonstrates the sophisticated understanding of process control that would later influence both Eastern and Western approaches to chemistry, medicine, and spiritual development.

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