刘恒 Liu Heng (203–157 BCE), known as Emperor Wen of Han, was the fourth son of Liu Bang and born to Consort Bo. Initially enfeoffed as the Prince of Dai, he was welcomed to the throne in 180 BCE after Grand Commandant Zhou Bo, Right Chancellor Chen Ping, and others quelled the Lü Clan rebellion. Emperor Wen was a historical ruler who genuinely implemented governance based on the Huang-Lao philosophy of Taoism. Together with his son Liu Qi (Emperor Jing of Han), he established the renowned "Rule of Wen and Jing."
Emperor Wen was known for his benevolence, humility, and frugality. He personally plowed the ceremonial field to advocate agriculture, abolished corporal punishment, (eliminated) land taxes nationwide, and instituted laws to assist the poor and support the elderly. He also repealed the laws of collective punishment for family members and restrictions on criticizing government, and readily accepted honest advice. When constructing his mausoleum, Baling, he used only earthenware vessels and avoided burdening the people.
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Truly proficient in Taoist philosophy, Emperor Wen applied it to state governance, leaving a lasting legacy in history. He reigned for 23 years and was buried in Baling upon his death.
