Many people’s understanding of Daoism remains at the level of "Serenity and Non-action" (qingjing wuwei). However, when we examine the relationship between Daoism and Chinese medicine, we find that many prominent figures in the history of traditional Chinese medicine were Daoists. These figures include the revered medical sage Sun Simiao, the immortal Ge Xuan, the legendary physician Hua Tuo, and the eminent Zhang Zhongjing, all of whom are celebrated in Chinese history. This is no coincidence, as the development of Chinese medicine is deeply intertwined with Daoist thought. The saying "ten Daoists, nine doctors" reflects the idea that Daoism and medicine share a common origin. So, what exactly is the relationship between Daoism and traditional Chinese medicine?
1. Daoist Approach to Health and Longevity
The Daoist classic, the "Dao De Jing," states: "All things return to their root." Therefore, Daoism views the essence of life as unified with the cosmos. Humans are considered an integral part of nature, and respecting natural laws is essential for harmonious development. Daoist health practices pursue harmony between humans and nature, simplicity, and naturalness. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) embodies Daoist principles by following the body's natural rhythms, considering the interaction between the body and the external environment, and treating illnesses through holistic and natural methods. This is why Daoist practitioners are often seen as vigorous and youthful, a testament to their natural health practices.
2. The Foundation of Daoist Health Practices
Daoism venerates the "Dao De Jing" by Laozi, which speaks of "Dao" (the Way) and "De" (Virtue) together. The "Dao" is formless and intangible, manifesting through "De." In Daoism, the cultivation of virtue is essential, as the process of transforming from the ordinary to the transcendent involves accumulating virtue and aligning with the Dao. Daoist practice emphasizes the dual cultivation of "xing" (nature) and "ming" (life), stressing both moral character and physical health to achieve a state where spirit and form are both perfected. This deep moral foundation is evident in Daoist health practices, which balance firmness and gentleness, calmness and activity, and advocate for a simple, virtuous life.
In the novels of Jin Yong, Daoist characters like Zhang Sanfeng exemplify this balance of firmness and gentleness, as seen in his Taiji, and even the "Eighteen Dragon Subduing Palms" technique, which, while powerful, also embodies this balance. Interestingly, the name of this technique comes from the "I Ching" (Book of Changes), reflecting Jin Yong’s deep knowledge of Chinese classics. Daoist characters often embody simplicity and tranquility, preferring environments that are calm, simple, and conducive to meditation. Thus, Daoist health practices are not just about physical well-being but also about nurturing the inner character.
3. The Origins of Daoist Health Practices
The principle "medicine and Daoism share the same origin" underscores that Daoist health practices are fundamentally rooted in medicine. The ultimate goal for Daoist practitioners is to achieve longevity and immortality. Historically, Daoism and traditional Chinese medicine are inseparable, with the saying "ten Daoists, nine doctors" indicating their close relationship. Daoist philosophy holds that "qi" (vital energy) is the fundamental substance of all things. In the "Huangdi Neijing" (Yellow Emperor’s Inner Canon), "qi" has over 25 different connotations. Additionally, the theory of yin and yang, foundational to both Daoist health practices and TCM, originates from the "I Ching," with the concept that "one yin and one yang make the Dao." The diagnostic methods of TCM, including the four examinations and the eight guiding principles, heavily rely on the balance of yin and yang.
Conclusion
The phrase "ten Daoists, nine doctors" highlights the deep connection between Daoism and traditional Chinese medicine. The longevity of Daoist figures can be attributed to their unique health practices. While the quest for immortality in Daoism may contain elements of mysticism, its health practices are practical and beneficial, offering valuable insights for our well-being.
