The Niu Daochun 牛道淳
Paul PengNiu Daochun was a native of Shenfeng during the Yuanzhen era of the Yuan Dynasty.
He held the Taoist literary names "Xiaoyaozi" (Master of Unfettered Ease) and "Master Xiaoyao" (Great Master of Unfettered Ease).
He authored Annotations on the Scripture of the Originator of Literature (in nine volumes) and Treatise on Resolving Doubts and Guiding from Confusion (in one volume). In these works, he elaborated on the Quanzhen Daoist theory of "Xing-Ming" (nature and destiny/life essence), discussing concepts such as "Xin" (mind), "Xing" (nature), "Dao" (the Way), and "Wu" (things), as well as the theory of "Neidan" (internal alchemy related to nature and life essence). He also outlined the sequence of spiritual cultivation to dispel doubts and confusion among practitioners. These works are among the more important Neidan (internal alchemy) texts of the Yuan Dynasty.
