Chen Tuan (872–989), styled Tunan, also known by the literary names Fuyaozi and Mr. Xiyi, was a native of Zhenyuan in Bozhou (present-day Bozhou, Anhui Province). He was a renowned Taoist priest during the transition from the Five Dynasties to the early Song Dynasty.
In his early years, Chen Tuan was well-versed in the classics, histories, and various schools of thought, and also had a good command of medical theory, Buddhism, astronomy, and geography. During the Changxing period of the Later Tang Dynasty (930–933), Chen Tuan failed the imperial examination for officials, so he abandoned his pursuit of official career, found joy in landscapes, and lived in seclusion in the Jiushi Grotto of Wudang Mountain for over 20 years (some say only three to five years). There, he specialized in practicing fetal breathing (absorbing vital energy), grain-free fasting, and guiding internal cultivation through static exercises. The "Five Dragons Coiling Body Sleep Cultivation Method" passed down by Chen Tuan was particularly famous, and later The Diagram of Sleep Cultivation was handed down to the world.
During the Later Jin Dynasty, Chen Tuan traveled to Tianqing Temple in Qiongzhou, Sichuan, and later returned to Guanzhong. In the third year of Xiande in the Later Zhou Dynasty (956), Emperor Shizong summoned Chen Tuan and asked about the art of refining yellow and white elixirs (alchemy). His replies satisfied the emperor, who then appointed him as a Censor-in-Advise. Chen Tuan firmly declined the position, and was later awarded the title "Mr. Baiyun (White Cloud)". Subsequently, Chen Tuan entered Mount Hua, residing in Yuntai Temple and the Shaohua Stone Chamber.
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In the second year of Taiping Xingguo in the Northern Song Dynasty (977), Chen Tuan responded to the imperial edict and entered the capital. In the ninth year of Taiping Xingguo (984), he entered the capital again and was treated with great courtesy by Emperor Taizong. Emperor Taizong issued an edict granting him the title "Mr. Xiyi".
Chen Tuan's Taoist thought integrated Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism, pioneering the trend of the unity of the three teachings in the Song Dynasty. His Taoist alchemical thought advocated the cultivation of both nature and life, emphasizing health preservation through internal refining, calming the mind by clearing thoughts, regulating vital energy to enter tranquility, and following the natural way. With traditional Taoist theories as the core, he absorbed Confucianism and Buddhist meditation ideas to form a systematic theory of internal alchemy, laying the foundation for the formation of the internal alchemy school of Taoism in the Song and Yuan dynasties.
Chen Tuan's works include Diagram of the Ultimate of Nothingness and Diagram of the Innate, whose theories on the formation of the universe became an important part of Neo-Confucianism in the Song Dynasty. He also wrote Nine Chambers: Notes on the Mystery, which discusses guiding and alchemy practices. Additionally, his works include Diagram of the Dragon of the I Ching, Fables of the Three Peaks, Gaoyang Collection, Diaotan Collection, Record of Eight Admonitions by Chisongzi, Annotations on Yin Zhenjun's Alchemy Ode, and A Mirror of Human Relations, among others.
Key Life Events & Contributions
1. Early Years: From Scholar to Mountain Dreamer
- Born into a literati family, Chen Tuan mastered the classics, medicine, Buddhism, and astronomy by youth. Yet he grew disillusioned with worldly pursuits, saying:
"A scholar’s ink stains the page;
A Daoist’s dew stains the soul." - He took the imperial exams but failed, later quipping:
"The court’s gates are narrow;
The mountains’ paths are endless."
2. The Wudang Years: Sleeping as a Spiritual Practice
In 930–933 CE (Later Tang’s Changxing Era), he retreated to Wudang Mountain’s Jiushi Rock, where he:
- Developed the "Five Dragons Coiled Body Sleep" (Wulong Panti Shui Xiu Gong), a posture mimicking dragons’ rest.
- Practiced fetal breathing (taixi) and fasting (bigu) to purify the body.
- Wrote Jiushi Shiyan (Nine Rooms’ Poetic Reflections), now lost but quoted by later scholars.
Table: Master Chen’s Milestones
| Year | Event | Philosophy |
|---|---|---|
| 930–933 | Hid in Wudang’s Jiushi Rock, developed sleep-meditation. | "Sleep is not escape—it is the womb of enlightenment." |
| 956 | Summoned by Emperor Shizong of Later Zhou, refused official rank. | "A jar of gold cannot buy a night’s dream." |
| 977 & 984 | Twice invited to Song court by Emperor Taizong, honored as Xiyi Xiansheng. | "A ruler’s power is a river; a sage’s stillness is its bank." |
3. Legacy: The Architect of Neo-Confucian Cosmology
Master Chen’s theories reshaped Chinese thought:
- Inner Alchemy (Neidan): Merged Daoist breathing with Buddhist meditation and Confucian ethics.
- Cosmic Symbols: His Wuji Tu (Chart of the Limitless) and Xiantian Tu (Chart of the Pre-Heaven) mapped the universe’s birth, influencing Zhou Dunyi and Zhu Xi (founders of Neo-Confucianism).
- Sleep as Sadhana: Argued that "true awakening occurs in sleep’s embrace."
He passed away in 989 CE while meditating, leaving a legacy as the "Sleeping Sage of Mount Hua."
III. Intellectual Legacy: Sleep, Symbols, and the Tao
1. Wuji Tu and Xiantian Tu: The Cosmic Blueprint
Master Chen’s diagrams depicted:
- The Limitless Void (Wuji) birthing Taiji (Yin-Yang).
- Bagua (Eight Trigrams) as cosmic DNA.
He taught that humans were microcosms:
"The body is a universe;
The universe, a body.
Align them, and the Tao appears."
2. Inner Alchemy: Merging Body and Spirit
His practices included:
- "Five Dragons Sleep": Side-lying posture with hands forming dragons’ claws, regulating qi flow.
- "Fetal Breathing": Mimicking a fetus’s breath to tap into primordial energy.
- "Sexual Yoga": Harmonizing yin (blood) and yang (breath) through meditation.
He wrote:
"The elixir is not in the mountains—
It is brewed in the stillness between breaths."
3. Ethics for Modern Seekers
Master Chen’s teachings remain relevant:
- On Power: "A throne is a cage; freedom is the key."
- On Knowledge: "Books teach names; the Tao teaches truths."
- On Stillness: "The busiest mind is the farthest from the Tao."
IV. Circle of Influence: From Song Scholars to Today
1. Notable Disciples
| Name | Role | Famous Quote |
|---|---|---|
| Zhou Dunyi (周敦颐) | Neo-Confucian founder | "Chen Tuan’s Wuji Tu is the blueprint of the cosmos—and the soul." |
| Shao Yong (邵雍) | I Ching scholar | "His sleep-meditation taught me to dream the Tao." |
2. Impact on Later Thought
- Neo-Confucianism: His cosmic symbols became central to Song-Ming理学.
- Japanese Daoism: Preserved through war, influencing Shinto-Daoist syncretism.
- Modern: His sleep techniques inspire mindfulness and holistic health.
V. Final Reflection: Why Master Chen Matters Today
- For meditators: His sleep-postures offer a path to inner stillness.
- For scholars: His symbols are keys to understanding medieval cosmology.
- For all: His life proves that true wisdom is found in letting go.
A Parable from Master Chen:
"A traveler asked, ‘What is the Tao?’
The master slept, then said:
‘See how the dragons coil?
So too must your mind.’"
