Taoism has long emphasized equality between men and women, asserting that women can also achieve immortality through cultivation by adapting to their own physiological and psychological characteristics. Specifically, Female Alchemy is divided into seven major schools:

1. The School of Madame Wei of Nanyue, also known as the "Contemplation School" (Cunsi Pai). It is based on the Huangting Jing (Yellow Court Scripture) and emphasizes visualizing the body’s inner deities to accumulate vital energy (qi) and attain true realization.
2. The School of Chen Mu, also called the "External Elixir School" (Waidan Pai). Founded by Chen Mu, who transmitted her teachings to Xu Xun and Wu Meng, this school reveres texts such as Xu Xun’s Record of Lord Xu’s Stone Casket (Xu Zhenjun Shihan Ji) and Wu Meng’s Scripture of Bronze Talismans and Iron Decrees (Tongfu Tiequan Wen). It teaches the refinement and ingestion of the "Celestial Primordial Elixir" (Tianyuan Shendan) alongside talismanic practices.
3. The School of the Elderly Lady of Zhongtiao Mountain, also known as the "Swordsmanship School" (Jianshu Pai). It focuses on cultivating the Dao through swordsmanship, distinguishing between the "Law Sword" (Fajian) and the "Dao Sword" (Daojian).
4. The School of Immortal Xie. Immortal Xie, named Xie Ziran, began her cultivation as a virgin, earning this school the alternative name "Virgin School" (Tongnü Pai). Virgins who have not yet experienced menstruation possess naturally abundant primordial energy (yuanqi) in their bodies, allowing them to bypass foundational cultivation (zhuji) and directly practice methods like fasting, grain avoidance, energy absorption (fuqi), mind-calming, and meditative stillness. Their path centers on "pure tranquility and non-action," as elaborated in the Scripture of the Great Clarity and Central Yellow Essence (Taiqing Zhonghuang Zhenjing).
5. The School of Realized Person Cao. Realized Person Cao refers to Cao Wenyi, whose teachings emphasize purity of heart, freedom from desire, preventing the mind from wandering outward, focusing energy to achieve gentleness, and circulating primordial harmony (yuanhe) internally. The school’s primary text is her Song of the Spiritual Source and the Great Dao (Lingyuan Dadao Ge).
6. The School of the Primordial Lady (Yuanjun), also called the "Pure Stillness School" (Qingjing Pai). The Primordial Lady here is Sun Buer, also known as the "Wanderer of Pure Stillness" (Qingjing Sanren). This school teaches the method of "refining the form through lunar essence" (taiyin lianxing), beginning with "severing the red dragon" (ceasing menstruation). Texts such as Sayings of the Primordial Lady Sun Buer (Sun Bu’er Yuanjun Fayu) and Verse Sequence on the Stages of  KUN DAO Cultivation (Kun Dao Gongfu Cidi Shi) specialize in this practice.
7. The School of Women’s Dual Cultivation (Nüzi Shuangxiu Pai). It is divided into three levels: upper, middle, and lower. The upper level includes techniques for mutual cultivation and mutual attainment; the middle level features methods of "gathering yang to nourish yin"; the lower level comprises prescriptions for nourishing yin and preserving youthful beauty.

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