In Taoism, there was the concept of "Liuyu" (Six Sovereigns), which refers to the celestial deities who govern the six directions. They are:
- Haotian Jinque Wushang Zhizun Ziran Miaoyou Milaozhizhen Yuhuang Shangdi, who rules over all heavens;
- Gouchen Shanggong Tianhuang Dadi, who rules over all thunder;
- Zhongtian Ziwei Beiji Dadi, who rules over all stars;
- Dongji Qinghua Dadi, who rules over all creatures;
- Nanji Changsheng Dadi, who rules over all spirits;
- Chengtian Xiaofa Houtu Huangdiqi, who rules over all lands.
This concept originates from the ancient Chinese idea of "Liuhe" (Six Harmonies), which refers to the vast space of the universe, namely the upper, lower, and four directions (east, west, south, north).
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