The highest ruler is such that those below merely know of his existence — "Tai Shang" refers to the ancient, unnamed sovereigns of prehistoric times; those below know that there is a ruler above them, but do not serve him as subjects, reflecting simplicity and innocence. Next in order are those who love and praise the ruler — his virtue is visible, his kindness commendable; therefore, he is loved and praised. Next are those who fear him — laws and punishments are established to govern them. Next are those who despise him — with too many prohibitions and complicated orders, sincerity cannot be achieved; thus, they are deceived and insulted. When trust is insufficient, there will be those who do not believe — if the ruler lacks trustworthiness among his subjects, they respond with disbelief and deceive their ruler. He is cautious in speaking — this describes the ruler of the highest order, who acts with caution and values words highly, fearing deviation from the Dao and loss of naturalness. When achievements are realized and affairs accomplished — this means peace prevails throughout the world. The common people all say that I am natural — the common people do not recognize the ruler's pure and thick virtue, but instead believe it to be their own natural state.